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New Publications using Phenotype MicroArray Technology

  • Identification of SNPs in two Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis PT13a pathotypes that point to epidemiological trends. There has been an increasing number of infections leading to salmonellosis by Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in the United States. Using preliminary genomic sequence data of Salmonella enterica subsp. I serovar Enteritidis PT4 from the Sanger Institute as a starting point, researchers at The Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit (ESQRU) of the U. S. Department of Agriculture have identified a set of potential SNPs that point to differences between two PT13a pathotypes that may be relevant in distinguishing phenotypic traits that may have epidemiological consequences.

  • Exploring Genotypic and Phenotypic Diversity of Microbes Using Microarray Approaches. This overview article from the FDA research lab discusses the usefulness of data obtained from doing Phenotype MicroArray analyses of collections of pathogenic species from outbreaks of food poisoning. Data from PM analyses is combined with other modern approaches such as DNA tiling microarrays to relate genetic changes (SNPs) with cellular characteristics important in pathogenicity and epidemiology.
        
   
       
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Brief description of PM technology

Phenotype MicroArray™ technology tests cellular phenotypes. Included in the tests are assays of basic cellular nutritional pathways for C, N, P, and S metabolism, osmotic and pH and sensitivity, and sensitivity to chemical agents.

The most common application is to assess the phenotypic effects of mutations. A change in genotype of a cell should lead to one or more changes in phenotype. PMs allow testing of knock-out or knock-in mutants to help discern the biological changes that occur consequent to genetic changes.

Another common application is phenotypic characterization of a collection of related strains. For example, it is possible to determine the phenotypic relatedness of a collection of isolates of a given species. PM analysis has been successfully implemented for a wide variety of model microbial cells including Escherichia coli,

Salmonella enterica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas putida, Sinorhizobium meliloti, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Shewanella oneidensis, Proteus mirabilis, and many other species. In the last year, Biolog has successfully developed universal protocols that allow us to test most species of interest. Contact us for details.

Phenotype MicroArray™ technology uses Biolog's OmniLog® instrument, which is also used for microbial identification. The OmniLog® automatically incubates, reads and interprets the Biolog Phenotype MicroArray MicroPlates™. It continuously processes samples but allows

the user complete access at any time during a sample run. Samples can be loaded when ready and removed when complete without disturbing other samples still in-process. Inside the Reader there are 25 trays. Each tray holds 2 MicroPlates, giving the Reader a total capacity to incubate and read 50 MicroPlates. Before the user inoculates the appropriate MicroPlates, they log the MicroPlate information into the OmniLog® software.

By simply following the software's instructions, the user then opens the door of the OmniLog® Reader and places each MicroPlate in the appropriate tray slot indicated by the software. Once all the MicroPlates are loaded and the door of the Reader is closed, the OmniLog® software takes over the responsibility for incubating, reading, saving, and printing the results. The OmniLog® PM System utilizes Windows-based software with an elegantly simple user interface. The status of all the samples can be observed by simply looking at the Read menu screen of the OmniLog® PM System software. All of the information for a specific MicroPlate is contained on a single line of this screen. Once the system has completed a specific MicroPlate it indicates this status with a check mark icon. A clock icon is used for those samples that are still incubating

because a result has not yet been determined. The OmniLog® PM System's software is extremely flexible and can be integrated into virtually any laboratory's workflow. New MicroPlates can be entered into the Reader and MicroPlates that have already completed can be removed from the Reader at almost any time. This allows the user to either perform experiments one at a time or batch them.

PM Technology and the OmniLog® instrument are ideal for a core facility or for purchase under a shared equipment grant.

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